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1900 Substance Use

CPS January 2024

If a caseworker has cause to believe, based on credible evidence, that a parent or caregiver is using substances, and the use threatens the safety of the child or children, the caseworker uses tools and resources to address substance use as part of the case.

For policy about requesting a drug test, see:

1931 Requirements for Requesting a Drug Test

1963 Children and Youth Who Are Exposed to or Using Substances

1910 Tools and Resources to Address Substance Use

1911 Drug Screen

CPS January 2024

A drug screen is any collected sample that does not have a laboratory confirmation, such as an instant oral swab. Drug screen results are considered presumptive or preliminary and are not admissible in court.

1912 Drug Test and Time Frame

CPS January 2024

A drug test is a test that has undergone preliminary screening and a secondary confirmation test to validate the findings. Drug tests are lab-confirmed, admissible in court, and verified by a medical review officer (MRO).

The caseworker requires a parent or caregiver to be drug tested within 48 hours after the caseworker discovers a child safety threat that the caseworker believes is related to substance use. If the parent or caregiver refuses to be tested, see 1936 Refusal to Test.

1913 Screening Tools (Forms)

CPS January 2024

A caseworker can use a screening tool to help determine whether a parent or caregiver needs clinical screening, assessment, or formal substance use disorder treatment.

Caseworkers can find screening tools on the Substance Abuse forms page of the DFPS intranet.

1920 Factors to Consider Identifying Possible Substance Use

CPS January 2024

When DFPS has concerns related to substance use (or suspected substance use) by a parent or caregiver, the caseworker considers the following information to determine whether further intervention is needed:

  • Personal observation.
  • Medical, criminal, and substance use histories.
  • Information from collaterals.
  • Observation of the living environment.
  • Drug test results.
  • Information from the case record.

The caseworker may use the following at any stage of the case:

1930 Drug Testing

1931 Requirements for Requesting a Drug Test

CPS January 2024

Before requesting that a parent or caregiver take a drug test, the caseworker asks the person about current prescriptions and any over-the-counter medications he or she is taking. If the drug test has a positive result, the caseworker shares the person’s prescription medication information with the medical review officer (MRO) listed on the drug test results. The MRO assesses whether the medication would have resulted in a positive drug test result.

A caseworker may request a drug test for any of the following reasons:

  • When a court has ordered the drug test.
  • To determine whether a parent or caregiver is actively using substances.
  • To confirm participation and assist in substance use disorder treatment or long-term recovery.

Types of Drug Screens and Drug Tests

The table below shows the types of drug screens and drug tests that the caseworker may conduct or order for a person and which level of staff member needs to approve the request for each type of screen or test.

Type of Drug Screen or Drug Test

Approving Staff

Oral fluid (instant swab test, instant swab test with lab confirmation, or instant test with lab confirmation). *

Caseworker or higher level

Urinalysis test * (Note: Caseworkers are not allowed to collect urine from any person.)

Form 2054 Service Authorization (located in IMPACT) requires approval from supervisor or higher level

Hair strand test (See 1963 Children and Youth Who Are Exposed to or Using Substances.)

Form 2054 Service Authorization (located in IMPACT) requires approval from program director or higher level

* Not approved for minors.

1932 Eligibility for Drug Testing

1932.1 Eligibility for Drug Testing by DFPS or a Contracted Lab

CPS January 2024

The following adults are eligible for drug testing:

  • Parents and caregivers in open DFPS cases, except foster or adoptive parents in licensed facilities or homes.
  • Prospective caregivers for parental child safety placements.
  • Kinship family members.

The caseworker submits Form 2054 Service Authorization (located in IMPACT) to request payment for the testing.

1932.2 Drug Testing Results from External Entities

CPS January 2024

To accept the results of drug tests that DFPS neither conducted nor requested, the caseworker must confirm that both of the following are true:

  • The parent or caregiver being tested has given consent, by signing a release of confidential information, for DFPS to receive the drug testing results.
  • The situation meets one of the following criteria:
    • The parent or caregiver is actively involved in substance use disorder treatment, and the treatment provider conducts random lab-confirmed drug testing.
    • The parent or caregiver is randomly drug tested by an external entity (such as a probation department or drug court), and the test is lab-confirmed.

The caseworker must make sure that the external entity’s testing meets DFPS requirements (such as frequency and direct observation) before DFPS discontinues its own random testing.

1933 Frequency of Drug Testing

CPS January 2024

Oral Fluids

Oral fluid testing may be administered multiple times per week, when necessary.

Urinalysis Testing

Urinalysis testing occurs no more than once per week unless one of the following applies:

  • A court orders more frequent urinalysis testing.
  • DFPS identifies new child safety concerns.

Hair Strand Testing

There should be at least 105 calendar days between one hair strand test and the next hair strand test unless a court orders otherwise.

1934 Time Frames for Checking Drug Test Results

CPS January 2024

Obtaining timely results of drug tests is critical for ensuring child safety, making the best possible case decisions, and developing recommendations related to the recovery and support needs of a parent or caregiver.

A caseworker or a supervisor’s designee checks drug test results no later than two business days after the person submits a sample for testing.

When drug test results are not available within two business days after the person submitted a sample, the caseworker or supervisor’s designee continues to check on the drug test results every subsequent business day until the drug test results are available.

A caseworker or a supervisor’s designee may be required to check on test results sooner or more often, on a case-by-case basis, at the direction of the supervisor or program director. The caseworker or supervisor’s designee follows all directives from management in those situations.

See 1972 Direct Referral to Treatment Provider.

1935 Drug Test Results

CPS January 2024

After a caseworker obtains drug test results, the caseworker documents the result information in IMPACT in a contact narrative.

The possible drug test results are below.

Negative Result

A negative drug test result means the drug test detected no substance.

Note: Each drug test can only detect the substance or substances that it is designed to detect.

When the result of a person’s drug test is negative, the caseworker does the following:

  • Notifies the person about the result in a timely manner.
  • Encourages the person’s continued abstinence from the substance.
  • Provides positive feedback to the person.

Positive Result

A positive drug test result confirms that use of or exposure to a detectable substance has occurred within the time frame that the test can detect.

A medical review officer (MRO) verifies all non-negative results.

The caseworker assesses a positive result in relation to the child’s safety and risk. The caseworker discusses the result with the person in a timely manner.

If a parent or caregiver with a positive result is actively parenting a child, the first priority is to ensure the child’s immediate safety. Next, the caseworker refers the parent or caregiver to one of the following:

  • The regional outreach, screening, assessment, and referral (OSAR) center.
  • A facility that offers substance use disorder treatment.

If the parent or caregiver is already engaged in substance use disorder treatment, the caseworker informs the primary counselor of the positive drug test result to help the facility tailor its treatment services to individual needs.

See:

1962 Safety and Risk When Substances Are Present

1972 Direct Referral to Treatment Provider

Positive Result with a Valid Prescription

If a person has a positive drug test result and says it is because of a prescription medication, the caseworker determines whether the positive result is from the reported prescription medication. The caseworker determines this by doing the following:

  • Directly observing the prescription medication.
  • Obtaining consent to contact the prescribing provider.
  • Reviewing medical records.

If the person has a valid prescription and is using it as prescribed by a licensed health care professional, the caseworker documents it in IMPACT as a “Positive Result with a Valid Prescription”.

If the caseworker is concerned that the parent or caregiver is misusing prescription medication, the caseworker verifies the following:

  • The instructions on the container match the person’s description of how the prescription medication is being used.
  • The prescription medication is current.
  • The patient’s name on the prescription label matches the parent or caregiver’s name.

The caseworker documents any prescribed medication in IMPACT.

The caseworker shares the information about the parent or caregiver’s prescription medication with the lab’s medical review officer (MRO). The MRO assesses whether the medication would have caused the positive test result.

See 1940 Prescription Medication.

Presumptive Positive Result

A presumptive positive drug test result on a drug screen means the person’s sample (saliva or urine) contains substances that have met the screening threshold for an oral fluid screen device (such as iScreen), oral fluid test (such as a cheek swab), or external entity urinalysis.

Any presumptive positive oral swab requires confirmation with a lab-verified test. After a lab test confirms a presumptive positive result, it is called a “verified positive result.”

Invalid Result

An invalid drug test result means the lab did not complete the drug test.

When the lab indicates that a sample is invalid, the caseworker takes one or more of the following actions to make a conclusion about the person’s substance use:

  • Contacts the MRO’s office to find out the reason for the invalid result.
  • Has the person retested.
  • Requests a different type of testing, such as a hair strand test instead of a urinalysis test.
  • Relies on credible evidence from observation or from collaterals.

Rejected Result

A rejected drug test result means the sample did not meet the initial criteria for testing for one or more reasons, such as the following:

  • The urine’s temperature was not body temperature.
  • There is not enough urine to test.
  • The sample is not urine or has been mixed with some other liquid.

When the lab rejects a sample, the caseworker takes one the following actions to make a conclusion about the person’s substance use:

  • Has the person retested.
  • Requests a different type of testing, such as a hair strand test instead of a urinalysis test.
  • Relies on credible evidence from observation or from collaterals.

Diluted Result

A diluted drug test result means the person did one or both of the following:

  • Consumed a large amount of fluids.
  • Took a diuretic.

When the lab indicates that a sample is diluted, the caseworker takes one or more of the following actions to make a conclusion about the person’s substance use:

  • Has the person retested.
  • Requests a different type of testing, such as a hair strand test instead of a urinalysis test.
  • Relies on credible evidence from observation or from collaterals.

1936 Refusal to Test

CPS January 2024

When drug testing is appropriate, but the parent or caregiver refuses to take a drug test, the caseworker documents the refusal to test in IMPACT.

The caseworker consults with the supervisor if a parent or caregiver refuses to take a drug test. The supervisor may recommend legal intervention, if there is sufficient concern for a child’s safety in the home.

For cases under court jurisdiction, the caseworker notifies the judge and attorneys about the parent or caregiver’s refusal to test.

1940 Prescription Medication

CPS January 2024

If there is a child safety concern based on prescription medication usage, the caseworker must do the following:

  • Assess the effects of the prescription medication on the ability to provide supervision and to keep children safe.
  • Determine whether the medication is being taken as prescribed.
  • Obtain the parent or caregiver’s signature on Form 2063 Release of Confidential Information. If the parent or caregiver refuses to sign this form, the caseworker consults with the supervisor about whether to request legal intervention.
  • Communicate with the prescribing health care provider after the release of confidential information form is signed, if the caseworker is concerned about misuse of prescription medication.

See 1973 Referral Forms to Substance Use Services.

1950 Authorization for Drug Testing and Substance Use Services

CPS January 2024

The caseworker follows the procedures in 8161.1 Active Cases – Authorizing, Extending, or Terminating Direct Services when doing any of the following:

  • Authorizing substance use disorder treatment services by using Form 2054 Service Authorization in IMPACT.
  • Extending or reauthorizing drug testing.
  • Ending drug testing before the end date on Form 2054 Service Authorization in IMPACT.

1960 Substance Use that Affects Children and Youth

1961 Assessment of Substance Use

CPS January 2024

When assessing substance use by a parent or caregiver, the caseworker determines the following:

  • What substance or substances the person is using.
  • The severity of the parent or caregiver’s use (frequency, quantity, and physical dependency).
  • The negative effects of the use on the parent or caregiver (physically, behaviorally, cognitively, socially, and financially).
  • The effects of the parent or caregiver’s use on the child (for example: prenatal exposure, household safety, lack of supervision, support systems, and any risky relationships that may cause harm to the child).
  • The parent or caregiver’s protective capacity.

1962 Safety and Risk When Substances Are Present

CPS January 2024

The caseworker must determine whether the use of a substance does either of the following:

  • Places a child in situations of danger or harm.
  • Places the child at risk of abuse or neglect.

Immediate Safety

In assessing the child’s immediate safety, the caseworker considers the following:

  • Behavior of the parent or caregiver (that is, behaviors that put child safety at risk).
  • Signs of impairment by the parent or caregiver (such as altered perception of time, or lack of concentration and coordination that places the child at risk).
  • The presence or absence of a sober, protective parent or caregiver who has sufficient protective capacities to manage threats.
  • Each child’s age and level of vulnerability, to determine the extent to which threats or risk of harm is present.
  • Whether the child’s basic needs are being met.
  • Accessibility of substances to the child. (For example, the child has immediate access to substances, or the child has previously accessed substances and the parents or caregivers have not taken additional safety precautions to make sure it will not occur again.)
  • Physical safety. (For example, the living environment is unsafe for the child.)

Risk in Foreseeable Future

To assess the risk of future abuse and neglect after DFPS involvement ends, the caseworker completes the following tasks:

  • Completes the Risk Assessment tool.
  • Talks to professional collaterals (such as school personnel or childcare staff).
  • Assesses prior DFPS history and case results.
  • Assesses prior criminal history.
  • Assesses current and past substance use.
  • Assesses current and past participation in programs for substance use disorder treatment.
  • Reviews mental health or psychiatric history.
  • Talks to collaterals (such as friends and family members who visit the home) about the parent or caregiver’s past and current substance use.
  • Asks about the presence or absence of a sober, protective parent or caregiver who has sufficient protective capacities to manage threats.
  • Documents the above tasks in IMPACT.

Considerations for Removal

DFPS does not remove a child from the home solely because a parent or caregiver is intoxicated or under the influence of a substance.

The caseworker weighs the following factors before deciding what action to take, when a parent or caregiver is under the influence of a substance:

  • The child’s safety.
  • The child’s vulnerability.
  • The parent or caregiver’s protective capacities.
  • DFPS removal policies.
1962.1 Safety during Home Visits When Substances Are Present

CPS January 2024

A caseworker follows DFPS policy on home visitation when conducting a home visit.

See:

2000 Intake, Investigation, and Assessment

12200 Contacts in Family-Based Safety Services (FBSS)

The caseworker must take safety precautions when the intake report, investigation, or case record indicates substances are present in the home.

If, during a home visit, one or both parents or caregivers appear to be under the influence of a substance, and this poses a safety threat to the child or children, the caseworker does the following:

  • First, ensures his or her own safety.
  • Next, ensures the safety of the child or children.
  • Calls the supervisor for further guidance.
  • Calls law enforcement for assistance.

If the caseworker suspects that he or she has arrived at a location where drugs are sold or manufactured, the caseworker does the following:

  • Calmly leaves the home.
  • Calls the supervisor for further guidance.
  • Calls law enforcement.

If the caseworker observes substances or substance use while in the home, the caseworker does the following:

  • Does not take possession of any drug or any other evidence.
  • Calls the supervisor for further guidance.

1963 Children and Youth Who Are Exposed to or Using Substances

1963.1 Infants Exposed to or Affected by Substances

CPS January 2024

DFPS handles all cases involving an infant prenatally exposed to or affected by substances on a case-by-case basis.

The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) requires policies and procedures to address the needs of infants who have been exposed to substances. It also requires appropriate referrals to child protective services and other appropriate services, while developing a plan of safe care for the infant and the family.

A plan of safe care is designed to ensure the safety and well-being of the infant and the family after release from the postnatal care of a provider (such as a hospital) by addressing the following:

  • Health needs of the infant.
  • Health needs of the mother.
  • Need for treatment for a substance use disorder for the affected parent or caregiver, as applicable.

A plan of safe care monitors the family’s use of community resources (in accordance with state requirements for this monitoring).

DFPS develops a plan of safe care for all infants affected by or exposed to substance use. The plan is developed with input from the parents and other caregivers, as well as any professionals and agencies involved in care for the infant and the family.

1963.2 Children and Youth Who Are Not in DFPS Conservatorship and Are Not Emancipated

CPS January 2024

When a caseworker becomes aware that a child or youth (referred to as a minor in this section) is using substances, the caseworker treats the situation as a medical concern that the parent or caregiver must address. Unless legally married or otherwise legally emancipated, a minor is not considered an adult until age 18, even if the minor is a parent.

Caseworker Responsibilities

Court orders requiring (or prohibiting) drug testing supersede DFPS policy.

When a minor is believed to be using substances, the caseworker does not personally conduct a drug test on the minor. Only with a court order or written consent from a parent or legal guardian may drug testing of a minor be conducted by a DFPS-contracted entity.

DFPS drug tests minors by hair strand drug testing only.

See 1931 Requirements for Requesting a Drug Test.

If there are allegations related to substance use by a minor parent, the caseworker does the following:

  • Encourages medical care for the minor parent to ensure his or her health and well-being needs are met.
  • Obtains written consent from the minor parent’s parent or legal guardian to send the minor parent to a lab for drug testing. If the parent or legal guardian refuses to give this consent, the caseworker consults with the supervisor about whether to request legal intervention.

See 1963.3 Children and Youth in DFPS Conservatorship, if applicable.

Substance Use by a Minor without the Consent of the Parent or Caregiver

When a minor is using substances without the consent of a parent or caregiver, the caseworker must do the following:

  • Encourage the parent or caregiver to seek medical care for the minor, including drug testing, through a health care facility or the minor’s primary care physician (PCP).
  • Help the family access community resources or formal treatment, as needed.
  • Empower the parent or caregiver to address the minor’s health, which may be negatively affected by the minor’s substance use.

Substance Use by a Minor with the Consent of the Parent or Caregiver

When a minor is using substances with the consent of a parent or caregiver, the caseworker must do the following:

  • Assess for child safety and risk.
  • Evaluate the minor for a possible substance use disorder.
  • Determine whether additional intervention or treatment is appropriate.
  • Determine whether the parent or caregiver was providing the substance to the minor.
  • Help the medical provider evaluate the minor.

DFPS requests that the parent or legal guardian have the minor drug tested at a medical facility of the parent or legal guardian’s choice, which may be (but is not required to be) a DFPS-contracted lab. If the parent or legal guardian refuses to consent to this drug testing, the caseworker consults with the supervisor.

If the minor’s drug test has a positive result, the caseworker does the following:

  • Seeks immediate medical care to ensure the health and safety of the minor.
  • Seeks community-based support (if the minor is age 12 or younger).
  • Refers the minor to OSAR (if the minor is age 13 or older) for a clinical assessment to determine whether the minor needs treatment services for a substance use disorder.

See 1971 Referral to Outreach, Screening, Assessment, and Referral (OSAR) Center.

Substance Exposure to a Minor from Environmental Contamination

Environmental contamination exists when a living environment or home is contaminated by chemicals from drug handling, use, or manufacture that could harm a person living there.

The caseworker seeks immediate medical care for the minor if environmental contamination is suspected to adversely affect the minor’s health. If recommended by the health care professional, the minor is drug tested (with the consent of the minor’s parent or legal guardian, or with a court order) at an emergency room, medical facility, or contracted lab.

If the minor’s drug test has a positive result, the caseworker shares the result with the health care professional, as well as the parent or caregiver, to make sure the minor receives appropriate medical follow-up and referrals related to the substance exposure.

1963.3 Children and Youth in DFPS Conservatorship

CPS January 2024

When a caseworker becomes aware that a child or youth (referred to as a minor in this section) is using substances, the caseworker treats the situation as a medical concern.

Caseworker Responsibilities

If a caseworker or medical consenter suspects that a minor may be using or misusing substances, the caseworker or medical consenter may have the minor drug tested. However, only a medical provider may conduct this drug test. The caseworker and medical consenter do not conduct drug tests on the minor.

If the minor appears to require immediate medical care, the caseworker must seek emergency medical care for the minor.

To have a minor drug tested by a medical provider, the caseworker or medical consenter makes an appointment with the minor’s health care provider or primary care physician (PCP).

The caseworker or medical consenter then informs the health care provider or PCP about the concern for the minor’s possible use of or exposure to substances.

Exception

If a youth is under the supervision of the Texas Juvenile Justice Department (TJJD) or the county juvenile probation department, the juvenile system may drug test the youth.

1963.4 Youth in Extended Care or Return to Care

CPS January 2024

Youth who are age 18 or older and are receiving extended care or return-to-care services are considered young adults. Young adults are subject to the drug testing policy for adults. While in a DFPS-paid placement, the young adult must follow the voluntary agreement that he or she signed to remain in extended care or return-to-care services.

If the caseworker suspects that a young adult is using substances, the caseworker does the following:

  • Makes the appropriate referrals to services to assess whether the young adult needs substance use disorder treatment.
  • Encourages the young adult to seek services.

1970 Treatment and Other Resources for Substance Use

1971 Referral to Outreach, Screening, Assessment, and Referral (OSAR) Center

CPS January 2024

Caseworkers use their regional outreach, screening, assessment, and referral (OSAR) center when seeking substance use disorder treatment for a person age 13 or older.

OSAR centers facilitate access to treatment services for substance use disorders, including intervention, treatment, and recovery options, as well as other community resources.

1972 Direct Referral to Treatment Provider

CPS January 2024

The caseworker may refer a person directly to a provider for substance use disorder treatment when any of the following apply:

  • No provider of outreach, screening, assessment, and referral (OSAR) services is available within 14 business days.
  • The distance to an OSAR center is too far for the person to travel, and the OSAR center provider cannot travel to the person.
  • The person has other means (such as health insurance) to receive substance use disorder treatment services.

1973 Referral Forms for Substance Use Services

CPS January 2024

To make a referral to an OSAR center or a direct referral to a treatment provider, the caseworker submits the following forms before the date when the person will be screened for substance use services:

1974 Resources When Treatment Is Not Recommended

CPS January 2024

In some cases, a qualified credentialed counselor (QCC) performs a clinical assessment and does not recommend treatment services for the person but rather community-based services. When this happens, the caseworker makes sure the parent or caregiver uses the community resources that the QCC recommended. If the parent or caregiver chooses not to do so, the caseworker consults with the supervisor.

1975 Resources When Treatment Is Unavailable or Difficult to Access

CPS January 2024

A lack of resources and other logistical circumstances may prevent a person from receiving certain services to treat a substance use disorder. This may occur for reasons such as the following:

  • Treatment is not available.
  • Resources are scarce.
  • The waiting list for services is long.
  • The distance to a service provider is too far to travel.

The caseworker helps the person use other community resources while the person is waiting for treatment or until treatment becomes available.

1980 Casework and Substance Use

1981 Substance Use Affecting a Parent-Child Visit or Family Group Decision-Making (FGDM) Conference

CPS January 2024

Court orders supersede the following DFPS policies.

Parent-Child Visit

If a parent appears to be under the influence of any substance, and there is a concern for child safety, the caseworker assesses child safety and the level of supervision needed during the visit.

If the child will not be in danger, DFPS may allow the visit on a case-by-case basis.

Family Group Decision-Making (FGDM) Conference

If any participant is visibly under the influence of a substance in a way that threatens child safety during a family group decision-making (FGDM) conference, the caseworker asks the participant to leave the conference. If the participant who is asked to leave does not leave, the caseworker consults with the supervisor.

The caseworker and the supervisor, in collaboration with the FGDM facilitator, weigh the benefits and risk of the participant’s participation in the conference.

1982 Recovery, Relapse, and Long-Term Planning

CPS January 2024

Recovery from substance use is a long process, and, under the Federal Adoption and Safe Families Act (Public Law 105-89), DFPS can be involved with a family only for a limited time.

The caseworker and treatment providers communicate regularly and remain aware of the time limits for DFPS involvement with the family.

1982.1 Indicators of Progress in Recovery

CPS January 2024

Indicators of progress in recovery that the caseworker can use in considering the next step in the DFPS case, while maintaining child safety, can include the following:

  • Attendance at, engagement in, maintenance of, or completion of a substance use disorder treatment program.
  • Participation or engagement in community-based recovery support or after-care programs (such as recovery support services, Alcoholics Anonymous, or Narcotics Anonymous).
  • Achieving and sustaining a period of abstinence from substances.
  • Compliance with the DFPS service plan.
  • Compliance with the DFPS safety plan, if there is one.
  • Development of a relapse safety plan. See 1982.2 Relapse Safety Plan.
  • Achievement of parenting goals.
  • Establishment of a pattern of negative results on drug tests.
  • Consistent attendance at and participation in visits with the child or children.
  • Behavioral changes.
  • Obtaining or maintaining employment (if applicable).
  • No new reports of criminal activity.
  • No new substantiated allegations of abuse or neglect that are related to substance use.
  • Administration of prescription medications as prescribed (if applicable).

The caseworker documents in IMPACT any evidence of a parent or caregiver’s progress in recovery.

1982.2 Relapse Safety Plan

CPS January 2024

A relapse is a return to a pattern of substance use after a period of non-use.

In the relapse safety plan, the person, along with a trusted support system, plans to ensure the safety of the child or children in case relapse becomes an issue.

Court orders supersede any actions that the person requests in the relapse safety plan.

A relapse safety plan can be developed at any stage of service.

Caseworkers can learn how to develop a relapse safety plan by referring to the CPS Substance Abuse page of the DFPS intranet.

At the end of any case involving substance use, the caseworker advises the person to remain engaged with the person’s support system.

See 1982 Recovery, Relapse, and Long-Term Planning.

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